Lawyers who have been in private practice for 5-9 years are eligible to be nominated. Candidates can only be considered for one recognition at a time (i.e. either "Ones to Watch" or our traditional Best Lawyers awards). We do not currently accept nominations for or recognize talent among in-house lawyers. Candidates must be nominated in one of ...While many married couples enjoy fairytale endings and lifelong marriages, some spouses end up trapped in what can feel like a never-ending nightmare. When all efforts to save a ma...The 29 lawyers who made the final list were those who delivered specific outcomes in support of their peers and the industry. 34% of the Most Influential Lawyers are in the Changemakers category. 52% of the Most Influential Lawyers are women. 18 of the Most Influential Lawyers are based in NSWIf you are passionate about the law and wish to become one of the top famous lawyers, you can start by learning about other successful lawyers and how to become like …These are the 15 best lawyers in the world with high-profile clients and experience: 1. Willie E. Gary: The Giant Killer. Willie E. Gary, an eminent American attorney born on July 12, 1947, tops our list of the best lawyers in the world. Hailing from Eastman, Georgia, Gary attended Shaw University on a football scholarship before graduating in ...The Global 200 is the definitive ranking of the 200 largest law firms in the world. Published each September through the efforts of Law.com Compass and Law.com International's editorial team, this ...0:00 2:23. Thousands of Russians appeared to join an opposition call for protests by gathering at polling stations at midday local time, amid a presidential election engineered to …In 2020, Best Lawyers introduced Best Lawyers: Ones to Watch, and in just three short editions, we have grown this list to more than 19,000 of the most elite rising legal talent in the country.For the third year, our awards honor recognitions and highlight the esteemed careers of lawyers rising up in the legal profession.Best Lawyers, the oldest and most respected lawyer ranking service in the world, has assisted those in need of legal services in identifying the lawyers best qualified to represent them for more than 40 years. Our global coverage expanded in 2006, and during the last 17 years we have grown to research the top talent in 76 …The number of attorneys at firms on The List has risen every year since 2018. Whiteman Osterman & Hanna was once again the No. 1 firm on The List, followed by Barclay …Find an Attorney Practicing in Your Area or Rate an Attorney You’ve Done Business With ♦ Browse Our Attorney Directory of More Than 3,596 Lawyers WalletHub makes it easy to find th...Julian Falconer. A Canadian lawyer, Julian Falconer built his career on defending human rights. His alma mater, the University of Toronto, named him as one of their 100 most notable graduates of the twentieth century. At his law firm Falconers LLP, Falconer and his team have represented the family of a young woman who died in custody at a ...Nov 1, 2018 · Best Lawyers is the oldest and most respected lawyer ranking service in the world. For more than 30 years, Best Lawyers has assisted those in need of legal services to identify the lawyers best ... Ann Bremner. From Michael Jackson, to Amanda Knox, to Mary Kay Letourneau, Ann Bremner is one of the most famous criminal defense lawyers in history. Not only does she have an impressive client list, but she has an even more impressive success rate in winning court cases. During her time as a deputy …11. Cleary Gottlieb: Cleary Gottlieb is undoubtedly amongst the biggest international law firms in the world currently (with its headquarters at One Liberty Plaza in New York City) established in 1946. It was founded by Henry Jacob (one of America’s best legal luminaries of all time). Debuted in 2010, Best Law Firms ® is the most credible rankings of exceptional law firms, rooted in a rigorous, peer-to-peer, industry-driven evaluation. Achieving a tiered ranking in Best Law Firms signals a unique combination of quality law practice and breadth of legal expertise. Ranked firms, presented in three tiers, are recognized on a ... The Best Lawyers in America ® was first published in 1983. Since then, the same tried and tested peer-review process has been used consistently for more than 40 years. While the scope and scale of this publication has dramatically grown over the past four decades, the core mission of Best Lawyers to highlight the top legal …10. The University of Chicago. United States. 10. 5. Yale University. United States. A law degree is the first step on a number of career paths – including a career as a solicitor, a barrister or a judge. Many universities around the world provide law degrees, so it can be difficult to choose the best one for you.The annual Best Law Firms ® publication is the definitive rankings guide to 15,000 firms in 127 practice areas in 188 metropolitan regions. Own the publication that features all of the Tier 1 selections as well as the "Law Firm of the Year" awards. This high-quality glossy publication can be used as a reference guide all year long.Aug 22, 2023 ... Best Lawyers of the Year Honorees: · David Ackerman, West Palm Beach: Bet-the-Company Litigation · Mark Bernet, Tampa: Business Organizations ( ...In this article, Best Lawyers evaluates how an immigration attorney can help along the way. The Role of Title Insurance in Real Estate Transactions. by Best Lawyers. Title insurance can provide benefits, protection and peace of mind in a real estate transaction, which can often be complex. Best Lawyers take a closer look.A lawyer is a person who is educated in the law and has received the necessary qualifications to practice law. Lawyers performs many tasks, including drafting wills and contracts, ...The world’s second-largest economy was once a money-spinner for lawyers and bankers. Not anymore. ... with some of the world’s biggest law firms laying off staff in …Nov 1, 2018 · Best Lawyers is the oldest and most respected lawyer ranking service in the world. For more than 30 years, Best Lawyers has assisted those in need of legal services to identify the lawyers best ... Vault Law 100. Vault’s national ranking of the most prestigious law firms based on the assessments of lawyers at peer firms. This year, more than 20,000 associates rated the reputations of firms other than their own. Vault's 2024 Rankings are derived from Vault's Annual Associate Survey conducted from January 2023 through …Ann Bremner. From Michael Jackson, to Amanda Knox, to Mary Kay Letourneau, Ann Bremner is one of the most famous criminal defense lawyers in history. Not only does she have an impressive client list, but she has an even more impressive success rate in winning court cases. During her time as a deputy prosecutor for King County she …Global Market Leaders. The Business & Human Rights Law rankings table below has been designed to provide the most in-depth insights and reviews of the top ranked lawyers and law …Mike Mandell makes the list as a famous attorney because of his track record of gaining followers with entertaining videos. With over 640,000 followers on ... Chambers and Partners is a trusted source of independent and unbiased research and insights on the best legal talent in the world. Search by practice area and location, browse rankings and guides, and access the latest news and updates on the legal market. The quest to find the best lawyer in the world is a daunting task. Legal excellence is multifaceted, encompassing a myriad of skills, experiences, and ethical considerations.In 2020, Best Lawyers introduced Best Lawyers: Ones to Watch, and in just three short editions, we have grown this list to more than 19,000 of the most elite rising legal talent in the country.For the third year, our awards honor recognitions and highlight the esteemed careers of lawyers rising up in the legal …Working as a lawyer is one of the best-paying professions in the UK. However, some legal practitioners have amassed fortunes that most of us can only dream of. We will look at some of the richest lawyers in the world and how they have earned their fortunes. Contents. Becoming the richest lawyer in the world; …Top 12 Greatest And Best Lawyers In The World 2024. 1. RICHARD SCRUGGS: Richard F. “ Dickie ” Scruggs is a famous American Naval aviator and trial lawyer (although now disbarred) in America. …Best Lawyers highlights top legal talent around the world. A sampling of these lawyers is presented below. “Lawyer of the Year” Honorees . Best Lawyers highlights one individual in a particular practice area and location as the "Lawyer of the Year" for that specific recognition. These awards are based on who received the highest votes from their peers …The most credible rankings of exceptional law firms from around the world. Firm Name. Practice Area. Search . Best Law Firms By Location {{ city.Name }} ... Best Lawyers® is continuing its international expansion of Best Law Firms™ with the announcement of the upcoming Best Law Firms – Germany. Read more insights …Arguing a diabetes-related case? We have useful documents for attorneys which include articles, case summaries, sample pleadings, discovery documents and more. Lawyers are sometime...One heartbreaking detail at the end of Better Call Saul season 6, episode 9, “Fun and Games”, is the presence of Saul’s World’s Best Lawyer mug at his table. While that same mug had already appeared in Breaking Bad, the object received a whole new meaning after the events of Better Call Saul. Early in the …The average annual salary for a lawyer in US is 96,250 USD. The higher the experience of the lawyer, the higher his salary. The salary of a lawyer also depends on which part of USA he lives in. There are also other benefits such as health insurance, flexible schedule, working from home. best countries to practice law in the worldJun 22, 2023 ... What Changes will Be Made? With this change US News & World Report will be announcing their own ranking system soon directly with them.The quest to find the best lawyer in the world is a daunting task. Legal excellence is multifaceted, encompassing a myriad of skills, experiences, and ethical considerations.Nov 1, 2017 · Best Lawyers is the oldest and most respected attorney ranking service in the world. For more than 30 years, Best Lawyers has assisted those in need of legal services to identify the attorneys ... Global Market Leaders. The Public International Law rankings table below has been designed to provide the most in-depth insights and reviews of the top ranked lawyers and law firms. The firms included in our rankings have been recommended by in-house counsel, other third-party experts and private practice lawyers. Our comprehensive research ...Nov 10, 2021 · For 40 years, Best Lawyers has been committed to presenting the extraordinary accomplishments of those in the legal profession; we present completely unbiased legal referrals from the best attorneys in the world. Since 2008, Best Lawyers ™ has proudly honored the professional excellence of lawyers in South Africa. Now in its 13 th Edition ... Search and compare the top law firms in the world based on various rankings such as the Am Law 200, NLJ 500, Global 200 and UK 100. Find out the background, rankings, and analysis …In this Alux.com original video we're ranking the top 10 richest lawyers in the world based on their net worth.Top 15 with extra details here: http://www.alu...In this latest edition, only 5,392 lawyers were bestowed the “Lawyer of the Year” distinction, representative of only 0.4% of those in private practice in America. Best Lawyers believes the quality of their peer-review survey directly relates to the quality of voters, so only lawyers who were previously recognized by Best Lawyers were asked ...FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE. NEW YORK—March 2, 2023— O’Melveny received high rankings in the 2023 Chambers Global Guide to the world’s best lawyers, which recognized 13 of the firm’s practice groups and 29 of its lawyers as among the elite in their fields. The prestigious Chambers Global Guide ranks …Find out which law firms are the world's 200 largest by gross revenue, based on surveys from The Am Law 200, Legal Week and The American Lawyer. See the rankings by …by Best Lawyers. Best Lawyers is excited to announce The Best Lawyers in Australia™ for 2023, including the top lawyers and law firms from Australia. by Gregory Sirico. Use our massive attorney database to find lawyers for your specific case. Simply choose a city, and receive an overview of lawyer recognitions & more.10. The University of Chicago. United States. 10. 5. Yale University. United States. A law degree is the first step on a number of career paths – including a career as a solicitor, a barrister or a judge. Many universities around the world provide law degrees, so it can be difficult to choose the best one for you.Since it was first published in 1983, Best Lawyers ® has become universally regarded as the definitive guide to legal excellence. Best Lawyers recognitions are compiled based on an exhaustive Purely Peer Review ® evaluation. More than 123,000 industry leading lawyers are eligible to vote (from around the world), …He became a lawyer back in 1971, after getting his degree from the University of Melbourne. He later taught at Osgoode Hall Law School of York University in Toronto, Canada, and served as an assistant editor at the Australian Taxation Law Review. In 1975, he was admitted to the Victorian Bar, and has been part of the Queen’s Counsel, a group …Aug 19, 2021 · After receiving more than 10,000,000 peer evaluations, the professional excellence of 66,713 lawyers in 147 practice areas across the United States are recognized for 2022. There are 16,596 law firms across the country represented on this list. Best Lawyers honored approximately 5% of practicing lawyers in the United States, exemplifying the ... FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE. NEW YORK—March 2, 2023— O’Melveny received high rankings in the 2023 Chambers Global Guide to the world’s best lawyers, which recognized 13 of the firm’s practice groups and 29 of its lawyers as among the elite in their fields. The prestigious Chambers Global Guide ranks …NEWS. Law Firm Leaders Want Lawyers to Spend More Time in the Office, But With Less Space. Forty-two percent of all firms in the CBRE 2024 U.S. Law Firm Office … Global Market Leaders. The Business & Human Rights Law rankings table below has been designed to provide the most in-depth insights and reviews of the top ranked lawyers and law firms. The firms included in our rankings have been recommended by in-house counsel, other third-party experts and private practice lawyers. Our comprehensive research ... The Global Issue 2023 | Best Lawyers. Publications. 2023 Best Lawyers Business Edition. The Global Issue. Featuring the top legal talent from the most recent editions of Best Lawyers and …Best Lawyers, the oldest and most respected lawyer ranking service in the world, has assisted those in need of legal services in identifying the lawyers best qualified to represent them for more than 40 years. Our global coverage expanded in 2006, and during the last 17 years we have grown to research the top talent in 76 …View the top attorneys in Best Lawyers in Las Vegas, Nevada and receive an overview of lawyer recognitions & more. Find a Lawyer / United States ... Peter Ajemian offers his clients a unique perspective as he combines his real-world experiences in the music industry with over a decade and a half of experience in …. Each year, Best Lawyers uses our Purely Peer Review® methodology, a combined effort that includes nominations, outreach, voting and research to determine the most illustrious legal talent around the world. The 15 th edition of The Best Lawyers in New Zealand honors the legal talent of 618 lawyers across four metropolitan areas.Best Lawyers is excited to announce The Best Lawyers in Australia™ for 2023, including the top lawyers and law firms from Australia. Best Lawyers: Ones to Watch in America for 2023. by …Announcing The Best Lawyers in Japan™ 2023. The results include an elite field of top lawyers and firms from Japan. Best Lawyers ®, the oldest and most respected guide to the legal profession globally, is pleased to announce the release of the 13th edition of The Best Lawyers in Japan ™ and the inaugural …Now in its 13 th Edition, The Best Lawyers in South Africa™ 2022 list recognizes more than 800 lawyers across 56 practice areas, including more than 40 “Lawyer of the Year” recipients. “Lawyer of the Year” honors are awarded annually to only one lawyer per practice area in each region with extremely high overall feedback from …Table of contents. The 9 best crypto lawyers and law firms in 2024. 1. Perkins Coie – The leading crypto law firm on tokenization and Bitcoin. 2. Selachii – A boutique law firm specializing in fintech and crypto. 3. Sullivan & Cromwell – A cryptocurrency-related legal and business counsel. 4.Best Lawyers ® has highlighted the extraordinary accomplishments of those in the legal profession for 40 years and offers completely unbiased legal referrals from the best attorneys in the world. Lawyers who are nominated for consideration are voted on by currently recognized Best Lawyers working in the …Best Lawyers, the oldest and most respected lawyer ranking service in the world, has assisted those in need of legal services in identifying the lawyers best qualified to represent them for more than 40 years. Our global coverage expanded in 2006, and during the last 17 years we have grown to research the top talent in 76 … Perilous Times and Bottom Lines. by Bruno Caron, Bryan J. Buttigieg, Christie McLeod, Geoff Mason, P. Jason Kroft and Selina Lee-Andersen. Given the frequency and severity of extreme weather events in recent years, the changing climate is a topic of hot conversation. Best Lawyers, the oldest and most respected lawyer ranking service in the world, has assisted those in need of legal services in identifying the lawyers best qualified to represent them for more than 40 years. Our global coverage expanded in 2006, and during the last 17 years we have grown to research the top talent in 76 …The Best Lawyers in Canada awards also include 431 “Lawyer of the Year” Recipients. “Lawyer of the Year” recognitions are awarded annually to the lawyers with the highest voter feedback in their particular metropolitan area and practice area. ... The Best Lawyers in Canada remains an exclusive list of the top …11. Cleary Gottlieb: Cleary Gottlieb is undoubtedly amongst the biggest international law firms in the world currently (with its headquarters at One Liberty Plaza in New York City) established in 1946. It was founded by Henry Jacob (one of America’s best legal luminaries of all time).Awards: Recognized as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in the United States by the National Law Journal in 2006, and was listed in every edition of Chambers USA and Best Lawyers In America ...View the top attorneys in Best Lawyers in Singapore, Singapore and receive an overview of lawyer recognitions & more. Find a Lawyer / Singapore / Singapore ... She advises a wide range of clients on the management of their trade mark portfolio around the world as well as on the commercial exploitation of their intellectual …Trial lawyers are among the highest paid legal professionals in the world. Thousands practice across the globe, but civil litigators who handle high dollar, high profile and high stakes cases are the most highly compensated. Not all lawyers take in high incomes, however. Many public interest lawyers and solo …Since 1981, Best Lawyers has highlighted the extraordinary accomplishments of those in the legal profession; we offer completely unbiased legal referrals from the best attorneys in the world. Lawyers who are nominated for consideration are voted on by currently recognized Best Lawyers working in the same practice area … Global Market Leaders. The Arbitration (International) rankings table below has been designed to provide the most in-depth insights and reviews of the top ranked lawyers and law firms. The firms included in our rankings have been recommended by in-house counsel, other third-party experts and private practice lawyers. Our comprehensive research ... WASHINGTON, Nov. 5, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- U.S. News & World Report and Best Lawyers ®, for the 11 th consecutive year, collaboratively announce the release of the "Best Law Firms" rankings. Firms ...Ranked by Best Lawyers in America , Chambers USA , and The Legal 500 as a preeminent corporate lawyer, Jonathan Awner advises clients in automotive retail, aviation, distribution, hospitality, logistics, manufacturing, services, technology, waste management and other industries. Described by a client quoted in Chambers …Panipat, a city known for its historical significance, is also home to some of the top LLB colleges in the region. Pursuing a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree from a reputed college c...These are the 15 best lawyers in the world with high-profile clients and experience: 1. Willie E. Gary: The Giant Killer. Willie E. Gary, an eminent American attorney born on July 12, 1947, tops our list of the best lawyers in the world. Hailing from Eastman, Georgia, Gary attended Shaw University on a football scholarship before graduating in ...Global Market Leaders. The Business & Human Rights Law rankings table below has been designed to provide the most in-depth insights and reviews of the top ranked lawyers and law …The Lawyers Global ® is the leading premier directory of the Law Firms and Lawyers’ global Elite in the legal business. The world’s most trusted platform that connects Clients, Lawyers, and Law Firms in 240+ countries worldwide.Related Article: Top 12 Best Lawyers in the World 2024 . 4. Gerry Spence: Gerry Spence was a semi-retired American trial and defense lawyer, born on January 8, 1929, in Laramie. Gerry has a very distinct record in his legal journey that he has never lost in any lawsuit as a trial lawyer, criminal lawyer, defense …... Best Lawyers Best Lawyers is the oldest and most respected lawyer ranking service in the world. For 40 years, Best Lawyers has assisted those in need of ...Through all 9 seasons of Suits, Specter has left an indelible mark on the legal landscape of the show, cementing his status as one of the most memorable and influential TV lawyers. Dylan …The 2021 Global 200: Ranked by Head Count. The top two spots and six of the top 10 belong to firms with a majority of their lawyers in China. September 21, 2021 at 03:00 AM. 1 minute read. Law ...Each year, Best Lawyers uses our Purely Peer Review® methodology, a combined effort that includes nominations, outreach, voting and research to determine the most illustrious legal talent around the world. The 15 th edition of The Best Lawyers in New Zealand honors the legal talent of 618 lawyers across four metropolitan areas.When you sustain or experience an injury, you feel pain or lose income from missing work. Your suffering should be compensated for if there is someone responsible for causing it to...The 2021 Global 200: Ranked by Head Count. The top two spots and six of the top 10 belong to firms with a majority of their lawyers in China. September 21, 2021 at 03:00 AM. 1 minute read. Law ...The Global 200 is the definitive ranking of the 200 largest law firms in the world. Published each September through the efforts of Law.com Compass and Law.com International's editorial team, this ...The best-selling first edition of Law 101 provided readers with a vividly written and indispensable portrait of our nation's legal system. Now, in this revised edition, Jay M. Feinman offers an updated survey of American law, spiced with new anecdotes and cases, and incorporating fresh material on topics ranging from the President's war …The U.S. data already notes a demographic shift in the field, and even a contrast from other Best Lawyers publications. “For Best Lawyers, we have 21% representation of female attorneys and 0.08% representation for non-gendered attorneys,” Elizabeth said. “For Best Lawyers: Ones to Watch, females have 46% representation, …Warning: Contains SPOILERS for Better Call Saul! Of the many lawyers in Better Call Saul, 11 that have a major impact on the story - here are those lawyers ranked.Hundreds of named lawyers appear throughout Better Call Saul's six-season run, with the series having an incredibly fleshed-out and in-depth legal …(RTTNews) - The attorney general for the District of Columbia filed a lawsuit against Marriott International Inc. for hiding the true price of hot... (RTTNews) - The attorney gener...Global Green Guide. Asia Pacific. Europe, Middle East & Africa. Latin America. United Kingdom - Solicitors. United Kingdom - The Bar. United States. Canada. Caribbean. …Jump to winners | Jump to methodology. MAKING A MARK ON THE LEGAL PROFESSION IN TURBULENT TIMES. Being named one of Canadian Lawyer’s Top 25 Most Influential Lawyers highlights the critical and considerable work jurists have done in the last 18 months.This year, that’s a noteworthy timeframe, as it …The Best Lawyers in the World and Their Accomplishments. World-renowned lawyers like John Branca, Roy Black, and Jane Wanjiru Michuki have all earned their place as some of the best lawyers in the world. They’ve defended high-profile clients, won significant awards, and set legal precedents that are studied in law …The quest to find the best lawyer in the world is a daunting task. Legal excellence is multifaceted, encompassing a myriad of skills, experiences, and ethical considerations.Through all 9 seasons of Suits, Specter has left an indelible mark on the legal landscape of the show, cementing his status as one of the most memorable and influential TV lawyers. Dylan …Global Market Leaders. The Business & Human Rights Law rankings table below has been designed to provide the most in-depth insights and reviews of the top ranked lawyers and law …Jamail was not only one of the best lawyers in American history he was a billionaire until the day he died — and managed do earn it all without the help of any legal practice management software. Abraham Lincoln (aka Honest Abe) Amongst one of the greatest lawyers of all time, Abraham Lincoln can easily be counted as one of …We believe the best way to handle a serious lawsuit is to work it hard from the very first day we see you. Do not settle for less. You will get more satisfaction when you get the best attorney available. You need legal representation in Court that the other side knows will get you the best award at trial. Find out all your legal options today.The Global 200 is the definitive ranking of the 200 largest law firms in the world. Published each September through the efforts of Law.com Compass and Law.com International's editorial team, this ...Each year, Best Lawyers uses our Purely Peer Review® methodology, a combined effort that includes nominations, outreach, voting and research to determine the most illustrious legal talent around the world. The 15 th edition of The Best Lawyers in New Zealand honors the legal talent of 618 lawyers across four metropolitan areas.Introduction: In today’s competitive world, safeguarding confidential information is paramount. One of the primary tools businesses use for this purpose is the Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA), commonly referred to as a confidentiality agreement. This contract plays a vital role in both employment and business scenarios to protect sensitive …Aug 25, 2023 ... James C. Shanor and John D. Konz have been included in the 2024 edition of Best Lawyers: Ones to Watch® in America.A lawyer is a person who is educated in the law and has received the necessary qualifications to practice law. Lawyers performs many tasks, including drafting wills and contracts, ...Going through a divorce is difficult, and it’s natural to feel a range of emotions. Nobody wants to get divorced, but sometimes there’s no other alternative. A divorce lawyer will ...Learn about the annual revenue, number of lawyers, and practice areas of the top 10 law firms in the world, based on Law.com's global ranking of the 200 largest law firms. …7. John Branca. Net Worth: $100 million. John Branca, born in Bronxville, New York, is one of the richest lawyers practicing entertainment law today. He moved to Los Angeles at age 11 and has lived there since. Branca received his law degree from UCLA law school in 1975 and is responsible for pioneering many entertainment-focused ventures.1.Camille Vasquez. Lawyer Camille Vasquez and Johnny Depp. In 2022 and the coming time, perhaps Camille Vasquez in the case of star Johnny Depp with his ex-wife is the hottest female lawyer in the world. In addition to her intelligence, sharpness and bravery at the litigation sessions, female lawyer Camille Vasquez also made fans crazy …Apr 14, 2021 · April 14, 2021 03:30 PM. Every year for 40 years we highlight the extraordinary accomplishments of those in the legal profession; completely unbiased legal referrals from the best attorneys in the world. The Best Lawyers™ in Singapore for 2022 recognizes the professional excellence of more than 550 lawyers in 46 practice areas, including 30 ... Debuted in 2010, Best Law Firms ® is the most credible rankings of exceptional law firms, rooted in a rigorous, peer-to-peer, industry-driven evaluation. Achieving a tiered ranking in Best Law Firms signals a unique combination of quality law practice and breadth of legal expertise. Ranked firms, presented in three tiers, are recognized on a ... ---1